El IsiGothic Yisitayela engisithanda kakhulu. Mhlawumbe ngithanda yonke into ephathelene neNkathi Ephakathi nalezo zindaba zamakhosi, ama-knights namanenekazi... Ukwakhiwa kweGothic Ngikuthola kuwumlingo, kukuhle, njengebhuloho phakathi komuntu nokwaphezulu.
Futhi ukujabulela lesi sitayela sezakhiwo akukho lutho olungcono kunama-cathedrals, yingakho ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele ama-cathedral amahle kakhulu e-gothic eSpain.
Ubuciko be-Gothic
Kuyinto a isitayela sobuciko esakhula ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, cishe maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngobuchwepheshe singasho ukuthi yazalwa neCathedral yaseSaint Denis, eFrance, nalokho Kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Wazalelwa eFrance kodwa isabalale emazweni aseNtshonalanga futhi kuya ngezwe ikwenza lokho ngeminyaka eyahlukene nangezitayela ezahlukene ezithinta amazwe noma izifunda. Kuqondana nokuzalwa kwamadolobha, onxiwankulu namanyuvesi, kodwa futhi nokubukeka kwe iziyalo ezintsha zenkolonjengamaFranciscans, amaDominicans noma amaCistercians.
I-Gothic ishiya ubuciko be-Romanesque ngemuva futhi ama-cathedrals awumsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko: mkhulu, mude, con kuhle kakhulu luz, umnsalo ocijile, i-vault enezimbambo, izinqe ezindizayo, izinsika ezenziwe ngesitayela, osonhlamvukazi, izithombe eziqoshiwe, bhekumuzi futhi enkulu amafasitela aqhakazile kanye nengilazi enemibala.
I-Spanish Gothic ibusa ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, y Iqala ngokunamahloni, ixube ekuqaleni nezakhiwo ze-Romanesque. EiGothic emsulwa ingena eSpain ngomzila wokuhambela iCamino de Santiago, ekhulwini le-XNUMX, futhi yilapho kwaqala khona ukwakhiwa amanye amasonto esonto lamaGoth amsulwa embusweni.
Uma kukhulunywa nge-Spanish Gothic, ukuhlukaniswa kwezitayela kuvame ukwenziwa: ukukhuluma "ngamaGothic" ahlukile. Okusho ukuthi, i i-gothic yokuqala kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX, the i-gothic egcwele kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, kamuva UMudejar Gothic, kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX, i- I-Levantine Gothic, ngo-XIV, i I-Valencian Gothic, ku-XIV kanye ne-XV, i- Isi-Catalan Gothic, the i-gothic ephuzile ekhulwini le-XNUMX, i Elizabethan Gothic kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi i-plataresco ekhulwini elifanayo.
Ake sibheke manje ama-cathedral amahle kakhulu e-Gothic eSpain.
Isonto lombhishobhi iBurgos
Kwabaningi, isonto lamaGothic elingcono kakhulu eSpain yiCathedral yaseBurgos. Itshe lesisekelo labekwa ngoJulayi 1221 ngokuba khona kwabagqugquzeli bayo, uFerdinand II waseCastile noMbhishobhi Mauricio. Cishe ngo-1240 izintambo zephrojekthi zathathwa U-Enrique Ungumbungazi ovelele, French, futhi kuthiwa sfuthi igqugquzelwe yiReims Cathedral.
Ukwakhiwa akuzange kuphuze kwathi ngo-1238, uMbhishobhi Mauricio wayeseshonile, izinsalela zakhe zase zingcwatshwe endlunkulu kanye nemisebenzi e-transept, i-side naves kanye ne-chancel yayithuthuke kakhulu. Ngakho, Ngo-1260 ithempeli lakwazi ukungcweliswa futhi siqhubeke nokwakha eminyakeni elandelayo.
Ngakho, i-Cathedral yaseBurgos yaba i- ithempeli elikhulu elinemizimba emithathu enemibhoshongo emibili eseceleni enepulani lesitezi esiyisikwele. Ngekhulu le-XNUMX izinaliti ezivulekile zavela. Kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX kukhona ama-façades e-Coronería kanye ne-Sarmental, futhi kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX kanye namathonya e-Plataresque kanye ne-Renaissance i-façade ye-Pellejería. Ukuhamba ngezinyawo ngaphakathi kwe-cathedral yinto ongeke uyiphuthe lapho uvakashela iBurgos.
IBurgos Cathedral Bekuyisikhumbuzo Sikazwelonke kanye Nendawo Yamagugu Omhlaba kusukela ngo-1984, ngaleyo ndlela kube yiyo yodwa enomehluko onjalo ngoba ayihlangene nesikhungo esiyinkimbinkimbi noma esingokomlando.
ULeon Cathedral
Ithempeli Yaqala ukwakhiwa ngonyaka we-1205 kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwaba nezinkinga zesisekelo njengoba yayakhiwe emanxiweni aseRoma, futhi imisebenzi yama futhi yaqala kabusha eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva, ngaphansi kokubusa kuka-Alfonso X the Wise. Khona-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izikhathi eziningana kwakudingeka benze omunye umsebenzi ukuze baxazulule izinkinga ezazilokhu zivela.
Yisonto lombhishobhi gothic kakhulu futhi kubonakala sengathi umklami wayo kwakunguMaster Enrique ofanayo owanikeza impilo yokuqala eBurgos Cathedral. Njengoba icwile ezakhiweni ze-French Gothic, lesi sakhiwo sinesignesha yakhe. Kodwa u-Enrique wafa ngo-1277 futhi esikhundleni sakhe kwathathwa uJuan Pérez waseSpain. Yebo kulungile Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sethempeli saqedwa ngokushesha, ngo-1302, eminye imisebenzi yaqedwa kuphela ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
I-Cathedral yaseLeón Kusikhumbuza iKhathedrali laseReims, eFrance.. Ingummeleli omkhulu weFrench Gothic futhi lokho kuhambisana neqiniso lokuthi idolobha ngaleso sikhathi lalingelinye lamaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu eCamino de Santiago, ebizwa nangokuthi. ICamino Francés selokhu yaqala kulelozwe.
Inama-nave amathathu kanye ne-transept, i-nave ilinganisa amamitha angu-90 ubude namamitha angu-30 ukuphakama, kuyilapho izinyoni zilinganisa amamitha angu-15 ukuphakama. Izindonga zamatshe sezithathelwe indawo izimbobo ezinengilazi enemibala futhi lokhu kuguqula iKhathedrali laseBurgos libe yizinsika. isakhiwo sokukhanya okuhlaba umxhwele, egcwele imibala ngenxa yokuthi amafasitela ezingilazi zamaGothic ayenziwe ngamakristalu amancane anemibala ayenomthofu.
Ithempeli lalingaphansi kweizinguquko ezibalulekile ekhulwini le-XNUMX ngenxa yokuthi yayisesimweni esibi kakhulu, futhi le misebenzi yaphela ngo-1901 lapho iphinde yavulwa emphakathini. I-Gothic ikhanya kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bayo. Kamuva, kwenziwa ukubuyisela okwengeziwe ngekhulu lama-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX.
IToledo Cathedral
Wayezobhekwa njengoyena Spanish Gothic wobuciko nokwakhiwa kwayo nakho kuqala ku Ikhulu le-XNUMX ngaphansi kokubusa kukaFerdinand III oNgcwele, kodwa imisebenzi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, kakade ngaphansi kokubusa kwaMakhosi AmaKatolika.
Isonto Inendaba ethokozisayo: IToledo yaphinde yanqotshwa u-Alfonso VI, inkosi yaseLeón naseCastile, ngo-1085. Lapho kuxoxwa ngokudedelwa kwenkosi, kwavunyelwana ngokuthi leli dolobha lalingeke lihlaselwe igazi futhi inkosi yathembisa ukushiya injalo futhi ihloniphe izakhiwo zokukhulekela kwamaSulumane. Kulelo qembu lamabhilidi kwakusobala ukuthi mosque.
Kodwa bathi ngemva nje kokuba inkosi ihambe isikhashana futhi lapho ingekho umkayo kanye no-Abbot Bernard waseCluny, owayengumbhishobhi omkhulu waseToledo ngaleso sikhathi, bathumela amasosha ethempelini lamaSulumane ukuba alithathe ngendluzula. Lapho inkosi ithola lokho, yathukuthela yabe isiyalela ukuba kubulawe wonke umuntu owayehilelekile, ngaphandle komkakhe kanye no-abbot. Ngemuva kwezingxoxo ezishubile ukushuba kwesimo kwashabalala futhi kubukeka yingakho i-mosque yangcweliswa njenge-cathedral ngaphandle kwezinguquko eziningi ekwakhiweni kwayo.
Ngokusobala kwenziwa imisebenzi emisha ukuze kumiswe inkolo yobuKristu ngakho kwavela isonto elikhulu nebandla. Njengoba sikubona namuhla, iSonto LaseToledo lihlehlela emuva esikhathini seNkosi uFerdinand III oNgcwele noMbhishobhi Omkhulu uRodrigo Xiénez de Rada.. Ngakho, i-mosque yesonto lombhishobhi lase lidala kakade futhi selingasenabuhle noma libe lihle kakhulu, uma kucatshangelwa ubuhle beToledo. Khona-ke ukwakhiwa kwesonto lombhishobhi elisha lesitayela samaGothic kwakhuthazwa.
I-Cathedral yaseToledo Kuyisitayela se-French Gothic kodwa kunomoya waseSpain. Uye Amamitha angu-59 ububanzi ngamamitha angu-120 ubude, izindawo zokuhlala ezinhlanu, i-transept kanye ne-ambulatory ephindwe kabili. Ama-triforiums asekuqaleni eduze kwe-naves athathelwe indawo ngamafasitela amakhulu futhi lawo ase-Mudejar asengabonakala nanamuhla.
Namuhla, uma uvakashela eToledo futhi ume esigcawini sehholo ledolobha uzoyibona ngobuhle bayo, eduze nehholo ledolobha ngokwalo kanye neSigodlo Sombhishobhi Omkhulu.
ICathhedral yaseSevilla
Ngezizathu ze-cathedral yamanje I-Great Mosque yaseSeville yema ngezikhathi zokubuswa kwamaSulumane. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyisakhiwo esihle esaklanywa umdwebi wamapulani wase-Andalusi u-Ahmad Ben Baso ngepulani laphansi elingunxande elalinama-nave angu-17 anezicathulo zehhashi kanye nevulandi elikhulu.
Ngokuvuselelwa kabusha kobuKristu ngo-1248 i-mosque yaba yisonto lombhishobhi. Isakhiwo samaSulumane sasetshenziswa iminyaka eyikhulu nesigamu kuze kube yilapho imisebenzi emisha iqala ukushintsha ngokuphelele isitayela sayo. Ngakho yabhidlizwa, basho lokho ngezaba zokuthi bekuyincithakalo, futhi ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elisha kwaqala ngo-1434, laqedwa kuphela ngo-1506. Ngonyaka olandelayo ithempeli lagcina lingcweliswa.
I-Seville Cathedral Yakhiwe ngamatshe avela ezinkwalini ezingaphezu kuka-20. Umbhoshongo kanye nensimbi yayo, i-Giralda edumile, ingamamitha angu-104 ukuphakama futhi ifana ne-minaret ye-Koutoubia Mosque e-Morocco. Yena Igceke lezihlahla ezingamawolintshi Kwakuvame ukuba igceke lokugeza ngezikhathi ze-mosque: ukulinganisa 43 by 81 amamitha futhi ungenwa usuka emgwaqweni unqamule ePuerta del Perdón, uhlotshiswe kahle futhi unamaqabunga okhuni ambozwe ngethusi.
Khona-ke iCathedral yaseSeville izodlula ekulungisweni okuthile lokho kwakunikeza izici zeRenaissance, baroque, academic kanye neo-Gothic, phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Lezi ngezinye ze ama-cathedral amahle kakhulu e-gothic eSpain. Yebo akubona bodwa. Ngokuqinisekile ucabanga nge I-Cathedral ka-Ávila, iCathhedral yaseBarcelona, leyo yase-Oviedo, iCathhedral yaseValencia, yasePamplona, iPalencia, iGerona, iSegovia noma yasePalma de Mallorca., Ngokwesibonelo. Uhlu olusheshayo lubala okungenani 14 amasonto eGothic eSpain umxhwele ngempela, ifa langempela lezakhiwo ongeke waphuthelwa.