Babengobani amaSumeriya? Isikhathi sokuqala engizwa ngaso sasivela kubaba, umthandi womlando nezimfihlakalo ezikuwo.
Kusukela lapho bangithakasele futhi angikholwa ukuthi abasafundiwe kanjani esikoleni noma kusenabantu abangazi ngabo. Ngithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sikusiza ukuthi wazi futhi uqonde le mpucuko yasendulo.
AmaSumeriya
IMpumalanga Ephakathi inikeze umlando wesintu izahluko ezithakazelisayo. Engxenyeni yeMesopotamiya yasendulo , phakathi kwemifula i-Ewufrathe neTigris , izwe elivundile, kwazalwa impucuko yaseSumeriya, ebhekwa njengendala kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Imvelaphi yabantu abahlala kuyo ayaziwa ngokuqinisekile ; okukhona yimibono ekholisayo esekelwe ekufundweni kwezingodo kanye nobuciko obuqoshiwe. Eqinisweni, ngisho negama esilisebenzisayo kubo, amaSumeriya , empeleni yilelo elalisetshenziswa omakhelwane babo kanye nalabo ababezolandela ekugcineni, amaSemite ase-Akkadian. Babezibiza ngokuthi amaSag-giga, abantu abanezinwele ezimnyama.
Ukuthi amaSumeriya avelaphi akukaziwa, mhlawumbe avela eNdiya, futhi lokho kunezela imfihlakalo enkulu kule ndaba, yize kwamukelwa namuhla ukuthi impucuko yamaSumeriya yaqala esikhathini esibizwa ngokuthi ama-Ubaid esahlala enkathini yama-Uruk.
Mhlawumbe igama elithi Uruk lishaya insimbi? Livela eBhayibhelini futhi liyisikhathi somlando esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesintu ngoba yilapho isondo livela khona, cishe ngo- 3500 BC , futhi lilotshwa, ngo-3300 BC, lapho sesikwazi khona kakade ukukhuluma ngokuguquka kusuka kumlando wangaphambi komlando kuya emlandweni.
Amathebulethi obumba anombhalo we-cuneiform, umbhalo waseSumeriya ofana nophawu olushiywe yizingcezu, asitshela ukuthi amaSumeriya afika kula mazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngesikhathi esithile ngesikhathi seNkathi Yethusi, cishe ngo-3500 BC , manje ebizwa ngokuthi inkathi ye-Uruk, asakazeka kulo lonke elaseMesopotamiya.
Isiko langaleso sikhathi lalivumela ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha asendulo ayebiyelwe ngezindonga kodwa ukufundwa kwezibhebhe ezatholakala, lapho kwaqoshwa khona uhlu lwamakhosi ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo, kuyadida impela ngoba izinsuku ezilotshwe lapho kukhona okungafanele kukholwe. Kukhona amakhosi abusa iminyaka eyinkulungwane, abanye ngaphezulu, izibalo ziyamangalisa, hhayi abantu. Ingabe izwe lalikhona ngaleso sikhathi? Bakhuluma ngani?
Iqiniso liwukuthi izinsuku ezingenakwenzeka ziyavela futhi abavubukuli bazichaza ngokuthi amakhosi ayefuna ukulandelela uhlu lwawo emlandweni, ukuze abaluleke. Ingabe kwakungaba njalo? Asazi, ngithanda ukucabanga ukuthi asazi yonke into yingakho umuntu kufanele avuleleke kwezinye izincazelo. Okutholwe ngemivubukulo nokusebenza neminye imikhakha kushintsha umlando.
Umlando wabantu baseSumeriya unezinkathi eziningana ezihlukile. Eyokuqala kwakuyikubusa kwama-Akkad , cishe ngo-2350 BC, lapho uSarigoni enqoba yonke imizi yaseSumeriya. Abalandela yena bazuza lo mbuso waze wawa ngenxa yezingxabano zangaphakathi nokuhlaselwa ngabanye abantu.
Amaqaba axoshwa ngu-Utuhengal, inkosi yase-Uruk, cishe ngo-2100 BC, kodwa ukuzalwa kabusha kukaSumer kwafezwa ngu-Ur-Nammu, inkosi yase-Uri. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe, ubukhazikhazi bukaSumer baba namandla futhi basakazeka kabanzi. Amadodana akhe amlandela ngempumelelo kwaze kwaba yilapho, kwenye inkathi yomlando, abanye abantu abahlaselayo, kulokhu bevela e-Arabia, bembangela ukuwa kwakhe.
Phakathi nalezi zikhathi, izifundazwe zamadolobha ezifana neLagash , indawo edumile emlandweni weSumer kanye neBabiloni kamuva, i-Uri, iNippur, nezinye, zaba yinto evelele . Lesi simo sezifundazwe zamadolobha sibalulekile empucukweni yaseSumer futhi, njengoba sazi, siyisihloko esiphindaphindayo kuwo wonke umlando wesintu. Cabanga nge-Athene noma iSparta.
ISumeria yahlukaniswa yaba yizifundazwe ezizimele , zonke ziyizikhungo zezentengiselwano, inethempeli elinikezelwe kumxhasi wazo futhi ngezinye izikhathi libuswa yinkosi noma i- patesi, umphathi wombuso noma ummeleli wonkulunkulu, ingxube yompristi nombusi.
Izifundazwe zedolobha zaziphawulwe ngamatshe omngcele futhi zichazwe ngemisele; kwakuyimizi yamathempeli , futhi umfanekiso we- patesi wawubalulekile ngoba wayesebenza njengomlamuleli phakathi konkulunkulu nohulumeni. Amathempeli ayeyizakhiwo ezidumile ezimise okwephiramidi, ama-ziggurat , ayebhekwa njengendawo lapho onkulunkulu behla khona lapho befisa ukuhlanganyela emikhosini yabantu.
Ukuhlalisana kwala madolobha kwakungenokuthula ngaso sonke isikhathi , futhi imizabalazo yokulawula izinsiza, amanzi, imizila yokuhweba kanye nezintela kwakuyinto evamile ezingxabanweni.
Sishilo ngaphambilini ukuthi lesi sikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu ngoba isondo lasungulwa futhi kwathuthukiswa ukubhala. Nokho, ukubhala kwesiSumeriya akuhlobene nanoma yimuphi umndeni wezilimi owaziwayo kuze kube manje . Enye imfihlakalo. Akufani nesi-Akkad, ulimi lwesiSemite njengezinye eziningi esifundeni, futhi yize ama-Akkad ayesebenzisa ukubhala kwe-cuneiform yesiSumeriya, ulimi lwalungafani.
Okokuqala kwafika ama-hieroglyphs anezithombe, izimpawu ezibonakalayo eziphawulekayo, kamuva ezathatha indawo yokubhala nge-cuneiform. Izinkulungwane zemibhalo yaseSumeriya esindile kuze kube namuhla zafika ngesimo sezibhebhe zobumba , futhi zimboza izihloko eziningi ezahlukene: amaculo, imithandazo, ulwazi lwezentengiselwano, izincwadi, imibhalo yesayensi, imibhalo yezinkanyezi, imibhalo yezokwelapha, nokuningi.
Ngenhlanhla, ulimi lwaseSumeri, naphezu kokuwa kwempucuko, lwaqhubeka lusetshenziswa njengolimi olungokomthetho nolwenkolo lwezenkolo eMesopotamiya. Ukufundwa kwayo kusenzima ngoba nanamuhla bakhona abalingiswa okunzima ukubaqonda.
Kimi, isici esithakazelisa kakhulu sempucuko yaseSumeriya yinkolo yayo. Yilapho-ke ngima khona ngizibuze imibuzo eyinkulungwane. Inkolo iyindawo ethandwa kakhulu yokuzalela imfihlakalo yaseSumeriya. Ngisho ukuthini ngalokho?
Njengabo bonke abantu basendulo, amaSumeriya ayekholelwa konkulunkulu abaningi nokuthi laba onkulunkulu babeyimbangela yezenzakalo zemvelo . Singababheka njengabakholelwa ezintweni eziphilayo ngandlela thile, njengoba nje ilanga nenyanga kwakungonkulunkulu, kanjalo nemihlanga, isibonelo.
Onkulunkulu babengabahlinzeki abakhulu, abadali bomhlaba wabo , ngoba babatshela ukuthi bakhe kanjani, babhale futhi bacabange kanjani. Izinga lentuthuko yempucuko yaseSumeriya lalihlobene ngqo nosizo lonkulunkulu, ababelawula konke ngokuphelele.
Futhi nansi ingxenye ethakazelisayo: Izinganekwane zaseSumeriya zifana kakhulu nezinye izindaba eziseBhayibhelini . Yingakho ngithi wonke umKristu kufanele afunde okwengeziwe ngenkolo yakhe; yilapho kuphela lapho engakwazi khona ukuqonda umhlaba ngempela.
Isibonelo, amaSumeriya ayekholelwa ukuthi onkulunkulu badale abantu ngobumba ukuze babakhonze. Lapho onkulunkulu bethukuthela noma bekhungathekile, babeshukumisa umhlaba—imvula lapha, ukuzamazama komhlaba lapho—bedala futhi bebhubhisa ngokuthanda kwabo . Akuzwakali yini lokho njengoGenesise?
Amagama angcwele anjengoNammu , u-Enki, u-Enlil, u-Utu, u-Inanna, no-An ngamagama onkulunkulu baseSumeriya. Bese kuthi-ke, inganekwane yokudala ifane neyeBhayibheli , noma kunalokho, inganekwane yokudala yeBhayibheli ifana kakhulu neyaseSumeriya: ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi, umhlaba kanye nolwandle, isibhakabhaka…
Kungavunyelwana ngokuthi amaSumeriya ayengumthombo wezindaba eziningi, izindaba ezilandiswayo, kanye nezinganekwane zokudala ezamukelwa kamuva ngabanye abantu. Indaba kaZamcolo Omkhulu, equkethe u-Utnapishtim, isibonelo, ngokusobala yileyo esiyaziyo enoNowa oholayo, ukudalwa kuka-Eva ocingweni luka-Adamu, nabanye abaningi.
Kodwa kukhona abanye abanesithakazelo nakakhulu, njengokubonakala kobuciko bento efana ne -DNA , izindaba zika -Anunnaki, onkulunkulu abakhulu abavela kwenye iplanethi , ukwakheka kwesimiso selanga ngaphandle kosizo lwezibonakude zesimanje...
Ngiseyingane ngangiyithanda njalo impucuko yaseGibhithe, kodwa ake ngikutshele ukuthi lapho ngifunda kancane ngempucuko yaseSumer, ngamangala ngokuphelele. Ngiyakukhuthaza ukuthi uphenye futhi uqhubeke nokufunda.
Ekugcineni, amaqiniso ambalwa nje: amaSumeriya asungula iwashi elinemizuzwana engama-60, imizuzu engama-60 namahora ayi-12, ikhalenda lezinyanga eziyi-12, izinhlelo zomthetho, amajele, izinkantolo , bafuya futhi bakhulisa izilwane ngezinga elikhulu, babengabahloli bezinkanyezi futhi ngokubhala kwabo baqinisekisa okokuqala ukudluliselwa kwesikhathi nendawo kwento eyigugu kakhulu abantu abanayo: ulwazi.