Sungula imizila ngokusebenzisa i- ama-cathedrals amahle kakhulu eYurophu Kuhlala kunzima futhi kuncike. Ziningi kakhulu ezimangalisayo ongazithola emhlabeni wonke. Izwekazi elidala, okungelula ukukhetha ezimbalwa kuphela.
Kunoma yikuphi, lezi zakhiwo ezimangalisayo ziphendula izitayela ezihlukahlukene njenge Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque o i-Neoclassical. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zigcwele umlando. Kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, bonke bayavumelana ngokusinika a isipiliyoni esihle ukuhlanganisa okungokomoya nobuciko kuphela. Ngezansi, sikubonisa imizila yethu edlula amasonto amakhulu aseYurophu, siwakhetha ezikhathini ezahlukene, izindawo, nezitayela.
iCathedral yaseSantiago yaseCompostela
Ukubuka kweCathedral yaseSantiago de Compostela ekushoneni kwelanga
Siqala uhambo lwethu kwelinye lamasonto esonto abaluleke kakhulu eSpain. Odumile Umgwaqo kaSantiago, okungenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba kukholelwa ukuthi igcina izinsalela zomphostoli eqanjwe ngaye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokubili ithempeli nedolobha elidala laseSantiago sekumenyezelwe Amagugu Emhlaba.
Yakhiwa phakathi kwekhulu lesi-9 nele-12 futhi cishe iyisikhumbuzo esibaluleke kakhulu se-Romanesque eSpain, nakuba sihlanganisa nezinye izitayela zakamuva. Iqoqo layo elihlaba umxhwele lihlanganisa okudumile I-facade ka-Obradoiro, okuhlala izindlu ze- IPortico yeNkazimulo i-del UMfundisi MateoNoma kunjalo, ama-facades we- abakhandi besiliva, e-Azabakeri noma of iQuintana. Ngokufanayo, i- I-Carraca ne-Berenguela imibhoshongo (eqanjwe ngenye yezinsimbi zayo) qedela isethi.
Ngokuqondene nengaphakathi, isici sayo esithandwa kakhulu iBotafumeiro, isishisi sempepho esikhulu sethusi esingamamitha angu-1,60 ukuphakama futhi sinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-62. Kodwa kubaluleke nakakhulu izindlu zethempeli. the Mayor Ihlanganisa izakhi zangempela zeRomanesque nezinto zeRenaissance kanye ne-Baroque, njenge-canopy yayo ebabazekayo. Ngaphansi kwalo kukhona ithuna likaSt James kanye nabafundi bakhe, u-Athanasius noTheodore. Kodwa kufanele futhi uvakashele amanye ama-chapel amahle ngokulinganayo. Phakathi kwazo, omunye kaPilar ngevault yayo enhle, lokho kukaKristu waseBurgos o lowo Msindisi.
Florence Cathedral
I-Duomo yaseFlorence ingelinye lamasonto amakhulu kakhulu eYurophu
Endleleni yethu enqamula amasonto angcono kakhulu eYurophu manje siyahamba Italia, ikakhulukazi ukuze FlorenciaLapho sithola ithempeli eliwumbukwane le I-Santa Maria dei Fiore. Njengoba kwenzeka endabeni edlule, kanye nesikhungo esingokomlando sedolobha, sekumenyezelwe Amagugu Emhlaba ngu-Unesco.
Kulokhu, yakhiwe phakathi kwekhulu le-13 nele-15, nakuba i-façade yavuselelwa ngekhulu le-19. Lesi sakamuva siyisimangaliso sobuciko sangempela. Lesi sakhiwo sisukela ekuqaleni kweRenaissance, futhi isici saso esihle kakhulu idome. Kwakungumsebenzi we UFilippo Brunelleschi futhi ifinyelela ku-114 amamitha ukuphakama. Ububanzi bayo obungaphandle bungamamitha angu-45,5 kanti isisindo sawo singamathani angama-37 metric. Konke lokhu kuzokunikeza umbono wemvelo yayo emangalisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- UCampanile noma bell tower, umsebenzi we Giotto futhi i Umbhabhadiso kaJohane oNgcwele, enezicabha zethusi ezidumile ze Lorenzo Ghiberti.
Mayelana nengaphakathi lethempeli, kufanele ubheke yayo Amafasitela engilazi angama-44 eyenziwe ngababhali abanjengo UDonatello o U-Andrea del CastagnoKodwa kufanele futhi ujabulele umdwebo we-dome eshiwo ngenhla nezithombe eziningi. Phakathi kwazo, izifanekiso zamahhashi ze-condottiere Giovanni Acuto futhi of U-Nicolo da Tolentino; itshe lesikhumbuzo somngcwabo wombhishobhi U-Antonio d'Orso; isiphambano esikhulu esiyisikhumbuzo se-altare elikhulu; ikhwaya ye Bandinelli noma iminyango ye-sacristy, eyenziwe ngu Luca della Robbia.
Chartres, indawo okufanele uyibone kunoma iluphi uhambo lwamabhishobhi aphambili aseYurophu
I-Chartres Cathedral, isibonelo esihle kakhulu sobuciko be-Gothic
Isihloko salesi sigaba singenxa yokuthi iChartres Cathedral esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezakhiwo zeGothic kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Eqinisweni, yasebenza njengesiqondiso kwabanye abaningi abakhiwa kamuva. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwathatha kusukela ngo-1194 kuya ku-1220, nakuba i-spire yanezelwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Nakulokhu futhi Amagugu Emhlaba.
Izici zayo zangaphandle zifaka imigqa ye-Gothic eyenziwe ngesitayela nemibhoshongo emibili. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, the I-Royal Portico, eyakha ingxenye yefaçade esentshonalanga futhi egqama ngezindlela zayo ezivumelanayo ezibangelwa ithonya lama-Anglo-Norman. Iqukethe izingosi ezintathu ezine-tympanum, i-lintel, nezithombe eziqoshiwe zokuhlobisa. Lezi zokugcina zisezingeni eliphezulu futhi zigxile ezicini ezihlukahlukene zobuntu be UJesu KristuKodwa akuyona into emangalisa kakhulu Ivulandi eNyakatho, ivutha futhi inenqwaba yezithombe eziqoshiwe.
Mayelana nengaphakathi, i-cathedral inepulani yaphansi emise okwesiphambano futhi iqukethe ama-nave amathathu, kanye nendlu engcwele enendawo yokuthwala abantu abagulayo. Kodwa izici ezibaluleke kakhulu nezimangalisayo ziyi amawindi ayo ezingilazi ezinemibala, edumile emhlabeni wonke. Abhekwa njengelinye lamaqoqo agcinwe kahle kakhulu amafasitela ezingilazi ezinemibala ephakathi. Phakathi kwazo, okuzobamba iso lakho ngenxa yokuqina kwazo kwe-chromatic, kugqama lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Iwindi le-Blue Virgin, emmelela nengane futhi ehlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-13.
Isonto lombhishobhi laseColonia
Ukubuka okumangalisayo kwe-Cologne Cathedral
Futhi lokho kwe I-Colonia Kufanele uyibone kunoma yimuphi umzila odlula emasontweni amakhulu aseYurophu. Akumangalisi ukuthi ingenye yezikhumbuzo ezivakashelwa kakhulu Alemania futhi ngokufanayo Amagugu EmhlabaUkwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngekhulu le-13, nakuba kungazange kuqedwe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Lalinyazwa kabi ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ngakho selibuyiselwe.
Phendula Isitayela seGothic futhi ithatha njengemodeli I-Amiens Cathedral. Ku-ensemble ehlaba umxhwele, amaphuzu avelele ayo imibhoshongo emibili emincane, efinyelela kumamitha angu-157 ukuphakama. Eqinisweni, kwakuyisakhiwo eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni kwaze kwaba yilapho kwakhiwa i-obelisk ngo-1884. George Washington enhlokodolobha ye United StatesEzinye izici sici ethempelini kukhona izinsimbi zayo, okugqama phakathi kwayo eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Fat Peter's". Isizathu salokhu akusona esinye ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obukhulu nesisindo esingamathani angama-24.
Ngokuqondene nengaphakathi lesonto lombhishobhi, ishansela liphawuleka ngokukhethekile. Ihlanganisa ikhwaya yangaphakathi kanye negumbi lokuhamba ngezinyawo elinama-chapel ayisikhombisa (phakathi kokunye, labo baka-Engelbertus, UStephen noma of i-Epiphany), Ngaphezu kwe lelo leSakramente. Yakha ingxenye endala yethempeli. Iphinde ibe nayo izitho ezimbili efakwe ekhulwini lama-20.
I-St. Basil's Cathedral, ehluke kakhulu phakathi kwamasonto angcono kakhulu eYurophu
I-St. Basil's Cathedral, elinye lamasonto angcono kakhulu aseYurophu
Endleleni yethu enqamula amasonto angcono kakhulu eYurophu manje sifika kuwo EMoscow ukukhuluma nawe mayelana kaSaint Basil. Itholakala ku Isikwele Esibomvu, futhi ihluke kakhulu kunangaphambili, njengoba iphendula inhlanganisela yesitayela saseByzantine naleso sici sesiko lasenyakatho yeRussiaNakulokhu, isimenyezelwe njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezakha i-Kremlin.
Yakhiwa ngomyalo weTsar U-Ivan IV maphakathi nekhulu le-16 ukuze akhumbule ukunqoba kwakhe iKazan. Kukhona ngisho inganekwane ngalokhu. Ithi umbusi waphuphuthekisa omunye wabaklami bakhe, owayenjalo Postnik Yakovlev (okuthiwa uValfolomey) ukuze amvimbele ekuklameni elinye, ithempeli elihle kakhulu.
Ngaphandle, isici sayo esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu izindlu emise okwe-anyanisi futhi ependwe ngemibala ehlukene, eyanezelwa ngekhulu le-17 (ngaphambili yayimhlophe). Ngokuqondene nezindonga, ziyizitini ezibomvu noma ukulingiswa ngemihlobiso emhlophe. Ngokuqondene nengaphakathi, i-cathedral empeleni iqukethe amabandla ayishumi, emaphakathi, ezine zihlelwe eduze kwamaphoyinti amakhulu, kanti ezinye zihlelwe ngokulandelana. Leli lungiselelo eliyinkimbinkimbi lifanekisela umqondo weveli yaphezulu esakazwa kulo lonke elaseRussia. Ngalinye lala mabandla noma ama-chapel analo umhlobiso oyingqayizivele yakhiwe izingcezu ze-iconographic nezibaziweyo zenani elikhulu.
I-Notre-Dame de Paris
I-Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral edumile
Saqeda uhambo lwethu kwelinye lamasonto ababhishobhi edume kakhulu emhlabeni, njengoba wazi, wabhekana nomlilo omubi eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Ngenhlanhla, manje isikutholile ukubukeka kwayo kwasekuqaleni. Yakhiwa phakathi kwekhulu le-12 nele-14 ukuhlanganisa izici ze-Gothic nomthelela we-Norman Romanesque.
Eyokuqala ihlanganisa izinqe zayo ezinkulukazi ezindizayo kanye namafasitela amakhulu, anemibala egqamile. Ukubukeka kwayo okuhlangene, okucishe kufane nenqaba, kukhombisa okwesibili. I olungaphambili lwentshonalanga, ebaluleke kakhulu ngemibhoshongo yayo emibili edumile, ibonisa izici zeRomanesque, kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, zeGothic of the I-Basilica yaseSaint-DenisIsakazwa emazingeni amathathu kanye nezigaba ezintathu eziqondile ezihlukaniswe ngama-buttresses. Ngamunye wayo unomnyango, futhi omunye wemibhoshongo unensimbi edumile. U-Enmanuel.
Ingaphakathi lethempeli ligqamile ngenxa yalo ukukhanya, okubangelwa kokubili amafasitela amakhulu eshansela kanye namafasitela e-rose ashiwo ngenhla. Izinsika ze-cylindrical ezihlukanisa ama-naves nazo ziyi-original. I-apse yenganyelwe isifanekiso esikhulu sika ukuhlonipha uNkulunkulu eyadalwa ngekhulu le-18 ngumqophi UNicolas CoustouIguqe phambi kwakhe yizithombe eziqoshiwe Louis XIII y ULouis XIV, kuyilapho iqembu lezingelosi lizungeza leli qembu.
I-facade eyinhloko edumile ye-Notre-Dame de Paris
No umbukwane kancane kuyinto isithoidalwe ngu U-Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, umkhiqizi odumile wangekhulu le-19. Ize ibe nekesi elihlotshiswe nge-automata. Njengoba wazi, i-Notre-Dame ingene emcabangweni odumile ngenxa yenoveli ethi Víctor Hugo enesihloko, ngokuqondile, UMama wethu waseParis, kamuva yashintshwa yaba ifilimu izikhathi eziningana. Kodwa futhi bekulokhu kuyisizinda sezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Phakathi kwabo, ukugcotshwa Napoleon Bonaparte njengombusi.
Sengiphetha, sethule kuwena imizila ngokusebenzisa amasonto angcono kakhulu eYurophu. Nokho, singaphakamisa ukuthi uvakashele abanye abaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, owaseSeville, neGiralda yayo edumile; UDuomo waseMilan noma okwangempela Sagrada Familia e-Barcelona, umsebenzi we U-Antonio gaudi. Isibindi sokuthola la mathempeli amangalisayo.