I-Acropolis, iyini

Sonke sizwile nge-Acropolis yase -Athene . Sifunde ngayo futhi sayivakashela. Kodwa wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani yayikhona nokuthi yayiyini injongo yayo? Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza konke okudingeka ukwazi nge- acropolis, ukuthi iyini, nokuthi yayidlala yiphi indima endulo. Ngemuva kwalokho, sizokutshela ngezinye zezindawo ezidumile kakhulu.

Igama elithi Acropolis lisho "idolobha elisesiqongweni sentaba" ngesiGreki. Futhi ngempela, lezi kwakuyizindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zamadolobha aseGrisi. Izakhamuzi zawo zokuqala zahlala kulezi zindawo eziphakeme, eziphakeme ukuze zivikeleke kangcono ekuhlaselweni yizitha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amadolobha anda aba yizindawo eziphansi. Kodwa izakhamuzi zawo zagcina ama-acropolis njengezindawo zokuphephela ngezikhathi zempi ngokumelene nezifundazwe ezingomakhelwane . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yendawo yazo ehlelekile kanye nobudala bazo, zazinezakhiwo ezifanekisela kakhulu futhi zazisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokuhlangana. Manje njengoba sesichazile ukuthi iyini i-acropolis nokuthi yayiyini injongo yayo, ake sibheke ezinye zezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

I-Acropolis yase-Athene

Akungabazeki ukuthi idume kakhulu emhlabeni. Njalo ngonyaka, izigidi zezivakashi ziyayivakashela futhi zibuye zithunjwe ubuhle bayo. Kulokhu, iphezu kwegquma elingamamitha ayi-150 ukuphakama. Njengendawo ethakazelisayo, yaziwa nangokuthi iCrecopia , ukuhlonipha inkosi yokuqala yase-Athene: amaCrecop angumuntu wezinyoka odumile.

Ngoba imvelaphi ye-Acropolis yase-Athene ingeyesikhathi sakudala. Eqinisweni, siyazi, kusukela ezinsaleleni zemivubukulo, ukuthi kwakukhona i- acropolis yasendulo yaseMycenaean ngenkulungwane yesibili BC kanye nenye, endala kakhulu, cishe ngekhulu lesi-6 BC. Kodwa-ke, leyo esiyaziyo namuhla ingeyesikhathi sendabuko sempucuko yamaGreki. Ngokusekelwe ezakhiweni zangaphambili, yakhiwa kabusha nguPericles ( 495-429 BC), owanikeza ukwakhiwa kwayo kubaculi ababalulekile njengoPhidias omkhulu , umdali wezithombe zeParthenon edumile. Futhi lokhu kusiholela ekukhulumeni ngezakhiwo zayo ezifanekisela kakhulu.

IParthenon

Siqala ngalesi sakhiwo esihle kakhulu. Abakhi baso kwakunguCallicrates no - Ictinus , okungenzeka ukuthi basebenzise kabusha izisekelo zethempeli elidala elibizwa ngokuthi iHecatompedon . Lithatha indawo engamamitha angaba ngu-70 ububanzi namamitha angu-30 futhi lizungezwe izinsika ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayishumi ukuphakama. Limi futhi epulatifomu efinyelelwa ngezitebhisi ezintathu.

Ngaphakathi, ihlukaniswe ngamahholo amabili ahlukene. Ihholo lasempumalanga likhulu, linezinsika eziqinile zeDoric ezihlukanisa ama-nave alo amathathu. Kwakuyilona futhi elalinomfanekiso odumile wegolide nowendlovu ka-Athena kaPhidias . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihholo lasentshonalanga linezinsika ze-Ionic futhi kwakuhloswe ukugcina ingcebo kankulunkulukazi. Kodwa-ke, ithempeli ikakhulukazi yiDoric, yize kukhona into eyodwa ephawulekayo yokuqala.

Sikhuluma nge -frieze enhle kakhulu odongeni lwe-nave. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, asikho isakhiwo saseDoric esasisebenzise leyo ndawo. Kunoma ikuphi, i-frieze ingenye yemisebenzi yobuciko emikhulu kaPhidias . Ngobude bayo obungamamitha angu-160, waqopha izibalo zabantu ezingu-378 kanye nezilwane ezingu-245 ngemabula.

I-Erechtheion ye-Acropolis

Njengoba ine-portico (noma i-stoa ) edumile esekelwa yizithombe eziyisithupha zeCaryatid , ingenye yezakhiwo ezidumile kakhulu ze-Acropolis. Iyithempeli elinikezelwe konkulunkulu uPoseidon no -Athena , kodwa futhi nenkosi yase-Athene enganekwane , u-Erechtheus , yingakho libizwa kanjalo.

Lesi sakhiwo sithathwa njengomklami uMnesicles , owalandela uhlelo lwe-Ionic futhi walwakha ngemabula yePentelic. Sasihloselwe ukugcina ezinye zezinsalela eziyigugu kakhulu zama-Athene. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona iPalladium , isithombe sokhuni sika-Athena, ngokusho kwenganekwane, esasiwile sivela esibhakabhakeni. Amakhosi uCrecope no -Erechtheus uqobo nabo bangcwatshwa lapho . Ngisho nendodakazi ka-Erechtheus, uPandrosus , yayinesonto elinikezelwe kuye.

Ezinye izakhiwo ze-Acropolis yase-Athene

Kunezinye izakhiwo eziningi ezibalulekile e-Acropolis, kusukela ngePropylaea , eyakha umnyango wokungena kule ndawo, ngezinsika zayo eziyisithupha ezinkulu zeDoric. Kufanele futhi uvakashele iThempeli lika-Athena Nike , umsebenzi kaCallicrates , kanye nezithombe zalo ezizinikele eziMpini zasePheresiya; iSanctuary ka-Artemis Bauronia , ene-portico yayo engamamitha angamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili ubude eyayinekhophi yethusi yeHhashi iTrojan ; kanye ne- Porch of Eumenes enkulu , eyakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesibili BC.

Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, iTheatre of Dionysus ivelele , ibhekwa njengendala kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Yayinezinhlu zezihlalo ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili ezihlukaniswe yindlela eyindilinga kanye negalari yezikhulu. Ngaphambi kwalezi kwakukhona i-orchestra, futhi phambili, i-proscenium, ipulatifomu ende lapho abadlali babedlala khona ngempela. Ekugcineni, ngemuva kwayo kwakukhona isiteji, esilingana nendawo yethu yangemuva kwesiteji. Ababhali bemidlalo abakhulu baseGrisi, kusukela ku -Aeschylus kuya ku-Aristophanes , kuhlanganise noSophocles no -Euripides , badlala imisebenzi yabo okokuqala eTheatre of Dionysus.

I-Acropolis yaseKorinte

Nakuba ingekho kangako eyase-Athene, yayibaluleke kakhulu nasezikhathini zasendulo. Kwakungenye ye-acropolises enkulu kunazo zonke eGrisi. Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu futhi utholakala ubusa idolobha ukusuka entabeni ecishe ibe ngamamitha angamakhulu ayisithupha ukuphakama. Nokho, okuningi kwalokho ongakubona kulo akukona okwezikhathi zamaGreki noma amaRoma, kodwa okweNkathi Ephakathi.

Nokho, izisekelo zeThempeli lika-Aphrodite , isakhiwo esibaluleke kakhulu kule ndawo, zisekhona. Ngaphakathi, kwakukhona isithombe sikankulunkulukazi, kanye nezinye zika- Eros no -Helios , lesi sakamuva singumvikeli waseKorinte. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iThempeli likaSisyphus , i -tholos noma isikhumbuzo esiyindilinga cishe esasinikezelwe kuZeus noma ku -Ares , selilahlekile ngokuphelele.

Kodwa isiphethu sasePirene sitholakale , yize singaphansi kwegumbi lamaRoma. Kubonakala sengathi kwakukhona isithombe sikankulunkulu u- Apollo eduze kwaso , futhi ngokusho kwenganekwane, yilapho uBellerophon alawula khona ihhashi elinamaphiko uPegasus.

Aso Acropolis

Lapho abacwaningi beqala ukutadisha umsebenzi womlando we-acropolis—ukuthi yayiyini nokuthi yayisetshenziselwani—basheshe baqaphela ukubaluleka kwayo okukhulu ekuhleleni amadolobha eGrisi yakudala . Lokhu kuyabonakala nase-acropolis yase-Assos, idolobha manje elingeleTurkey kodwa elaliyiGreki endulo.

Kubonakala sengathi yasungulwa ngekhulu lesi-7 BC, kodwa kulokhu, ngabahlali base-Aeolian baseMytilene . Kodwa-ke, ayizange imbiwe kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngabavubukuli baseMelika uJoseph Thacher noFrancis H. Bacon . Bathatha izinto eziningi abazitholile baziyisa eMuseum of Fine Arts eBoston . Kodwa-ke, ungabona ezinye eLouvre nase - Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Kodwa, uma ubuyela e-acropolis yase-Assos, usengavakashela izinsalela zeThempeli lase-Athena , elinesitayela salo samaDoric, izindonga zasendulo, i-necropolis, i-gymnasium, kanye neshashalazi lamaRoma. Ungavakashela futhi i- agora , eyayine- stoa , noma igalari enezinsika, kanye ne- bouleuterion . Lesi sakamuva kwakulapho izakhamuzi eziholayo zazihlangana khona ukuze zinqume izindaba ezibalulekile zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kwakuzofana kancane namaphalamende anamuhla, njengoba lawa ayeyizifundazwe zamadolobha.

I-Acropolis yasePhergamoni

Lo muzi wasendulo waseGrisi nawo ungowaseTurkey namuhla . Futhi, ngokufanayo, uqhosha nge-acropolis ebalulekile, ebaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi iyiNdawo Yefa Lomhlaba . Isici sawo esiyinhloko kwakuyiThempeli lika-Athena Nikephoros , elakhiwe ngokwesiko lamaDoric. Eceleni kwawo kwakumi iThala Lezincwadi , elalingelesibili elibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni owaziwayo ngemva kweThala Lezincwadi lase- Alexandria . Futhi, enyakatho, kwakukhona iSigodlo Sasebukhosini, inqola yezikhali, kanye nenqaba.

Nokho, eningizimu kwakukhona i -altare likaZeus , ngokungangabazeki elaliyisikhumbuzo esimangalisayo. Lalinobude obungamamitha angu-36 namamitha angu-34 ububanzi futhi lalifinyeleleka ngezitebhisi ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsika eziqinile zazisekela uphahla, olwaluhlotshiswe ngodonga olubonisa impi phakathi konkulunkulu neziqhwaga.

I-acropolis yasePhergamon yayinenkundla yemidlalo enkulu eyayingahlalisa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Yakhiwe endaweni engamamitha angu-38 ukuphakama, yayinemigqa engu-68 yezihlalo eziqhubekayo. Esigabeni sayo esiphansi kakhulu, yayixhunywe nethala elihle elisetshenziselwa ukuhamba.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakuba ingaseyona eye-Acropolis, uma uyivakashela, sincoma nokuthi uvakashele i- Asclepeion , etholakala cishe ngamakhilomitha amane ukusuka edolobheni. Njengoba igama layo lisho, kwakuyithempeli elinikezelwe kunkulunkulu wezokwelapha (u-Asclepius). Ngakho-ke, izazi zalo mkhakha, kuhlanganise noGalen odumile , zabuthana lapho . Ngaphezu kwalokho, eduze kakhulu kunelinye ithempeli elincane elinikezelwe kuTelesphorus , Hygieia , kanye nePanacea , abantwana baka-Asclepius kanye nonkulunkulu abancane bezokwelapha.

Ekuphetheni, sichaze konke mayelana ne- acropolis: ukuthi iyini nokuthi yayisetshenziselwani. Sikubonise nezinye zezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu zasendulo uma ungathanda ukuzivakashela. Kodwa-ke, kufanele sisho ukuthi, ngokwengeziwe, leli gama ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kunoma yiliphi iqembu lezakhiwo zasendulo ezitholakala engxenyeni engenhla yedolobha. Isibonelo, lezo eziseBratislava , e -Edinburgh , noma eConstantinople . Ukuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kwaba nomthelela kulezi zakhiwo, imisebenzi yobuciko yokuhlela amadolobha, kodwa ziseyizindawo ezimangalisayo. Sikukhuthaza ukuthi uye kuzo futhi uthole ukuthi kungani.