Umlando we izesekeli zasendulo ezivela eGrisi naseMexico Kungaphezu kakhulu kweqoqo lobucwebe obuhle: luhambo oludlula kumafilosofi, amasiko, izimpi zomphakathi, kanye nemibono yomhlaba ehlala ikhona. Kusukela emiqheleni yezimbali yamaGreki kuya ezindandatho zekhala ze-obsidian zama-Aztec, kanye namasongo ase-Amazon enziwe ngembewu ye-açaí, ucezu ngalunye lukhuluma ngamandla, ubuwena, ingokomoya, kanye nokuxhumana nemvelo.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola, ngokuthula nangemininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuthi lezi zinto zisetshenziswe futhi zaguqulwa kanjani imihlobiso yemikhosi neyansuku zonke ezimweni ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu: izwe lamaGreki namaRoma lakudala kanye nefa lalo, kanye namasiko aseMesoamerica naseMexico. Ngakho-ke, uma sivakashela la mazwe, sizoba nolwazi olwengeziwe lokushintsha umbono wethu.
Izesekeli eGrisi
IGrisi yakudala Akusishiyanga nje kuphela izazi zefilosofi namathempeli, kodwa futhi nesiko eliyinkimbinkimbi lokuhlobisa, elihlobene kakhulu nenkolo, ezombusazwe, kanye nokuphishekela ubuhle. Izinto zesikhumba, izinsimbi eziyigugu, kanye nemiqhele yezimbali konke kwakuyingxenye yomhlaba lapho umzimba womuntu wawucatshangwa khona njengesikhungo nesilinganiso sazo zonke izinto.
Namuhla, esinye sezikhumbuzo ezithandwa kakhulu kunoma ubani ovakashela iGrisi yiBlue Eye edumile, okukholelwa ukuthi ixosha ububi. Ithandwa kakhulu! Itholakala njengamacici, ama-pendant, amasongo, ngisho nangosayizi omkhulu wokulenga kunoma iyiphi indawo yamakhaya ethu.
Esinye isici esingokomfanekiso ikakhulukazi kwakuyi- imiqhele yezimbali namaqabungaEGrisi, imiqhele yomnqumo yayisetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezihloniphekile ukuhlonipha onkulunkulu, kanye nemiklomelo yabanqobi bemincintiswano yezemidlalo, yezinkondlo, noma yezempi. Phakathi neMidlalo yama-Olimpiki yokuqala, abanqobi bathola imiqhele yomnqumo, isenzo esasibaxhumanisa ngqo nomusa waphezulu kanye nemigomo yomzamo kanye nobuhle.
Ngaphezu kwemiqhele yezimbali, amaGreki enza izinto zobuciko. imihlobiso yensimbi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhululapho umsebenzi we-filigree kanye nowokucophelela ngegolide nesiliva kwafinyelela amazinga esiwahlanganisa kalula nobucwebe obuhle. Lokho kuthanda imininingwane, kuhlanganiswe nesimo sombono wabo womhlaba esigxile kubantu, kwaveza isiko lezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezazifuna, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuphakamisa isimo somuntu.
Ubucwebe obuvela eMexico: izindandatho zekhala, imihlobiso yendlebe kanye ne-obsidian
Ezweni laseMesoamerica, ubucwebe babuhlobene kakhulu ubuwena, isikhundla emphakathini, kanye nengokomoyaKunokuba kube nje imihlobiso, izingcezu eziningi zazisebenza njengeziphandla zangempela, zigcwele amandla angokomfanekiso nangokwesiko. Isibonelo esithakazelisayo singatholakala emaqoqweni anamuhla aphefumulelwe imihlobiso yekhala neyendlebe yesiko laseMexico.
Kulezi ziphakamiso zamanje, abaklami bangene ezimpandeni zesiko laseMesoamerica ukuze bachaze kabusha izinto ezimbili ezibalulekile: indandatho yekhala futhi i izindlebe ezinkulu kakhuluIzimpawu zamandla phakathi kwababusi, abapristi, namaqhawe. Kunokuba ziphinde zikhiqize ngokoqobo amamodeli asendulo, indlela iwukudala ingxoxo phakathi kwesikhathi esidlule nesamanje, ukuvumelanisa izimo nezilinganiso nokusetshenziswa kwanamuhla.
Esikweni laseMexico, umhlobiso wekhala wawumelela ukuxhumana okuqondile nonkulunkuluEzinguqulweni zanamuhla, yenziwe ngamaqabunga e-tumbaga—ingxube yegolide nethusi eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi—nesibuko se-obsidian phakathi nendawo. Leyo mbuthano emnyama, ekhazimulayo ayiyona nje into yokuhlobisa: i-obsidian yayibhekwa njengento engcwele, ekwazi ukubonakalisa kokubili ukukhanya nomphefumulo.
I-Obsidian, idwala lentaba-mlilo elivela e-igneous, lalisetshenziswa e- amasiko, izikhali kanye nezinto zokubhulaNjengoba iqoshwe futhi yapholishwa yaba ukukhanya okucishe kube okucashile, yayisetshenziswa ezibukweni ezazicatshangwa njengezindlela zokuya kwamanye amazwe, amathuluzi okubona ngale kokubonakalayo nokuvikelwa emandleni amabi. Ukuyifaka engxenyeni yobucwebe, ngandlela thile, kuwukuphatha isikhala esincane samandla nawe.
Imihlobiso yezindlebe, yona, yayifanekiselwa phakathi kwabantu baseMesoamerica ukuhlakanipha nokuvuthwaKula maqoqo aphefumulelwe yisikhathi esidlule, imihlobiso yezindlebe iba yisikhumbuzo kumaqhawe asendulo, anezimo zejometri eziklanywe ngendlela yesitayela ezikhumbuza amaphiko eQuetzalpapálotl, uvemvane lwe-quetzal. Ukukhanya okufudumele kwe-tumbaga kuyahluka nomnyama ojulile we-obsidian, okudala umphumela onamandla wokubuka.
Ngayinye yalezi zingcezu ikhiqizwa ngesandla, kuhlonishwa amasu endabuko. abenzi begolide abazuzwe emasikweni angaphambi kweSpanishiI-tumbaga ishaywa ngesando futhi isikwe ngokunemba okukhulu ukuze kufezwe amajika ahlanzekile namaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi. Izibuko ze-obsidian, zona, ziyasikwa futhi zipholishwe ngesandla, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi endabuko kanye nenqubo ehamba kancane efuna ukuqeda okuphelele, cishe njengekristalu elimnyama eliwuketshezi.
Ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-obsidian kanye ne-tumbaga akuyona into eyenzeka ngengozi. I-Obsidian, eyaziwa ezindabeni eziningi ngokuthi “ingilazi yonkulunkulu,” yayihlotshaniswa nekhono lokwenza kanjalo. kwembula amaqiniso afihliwe futhi kunikeze isivikeloI-Tumbaga, enombala wayo wegolide, yavusa ilanga, ukuchuma, inala, kanye nokuchuma. Ngokubambisana, lezi zinto ziguqula indandatho ngayinye yekhala kanye nomhlobiso wendlebe kube yi-manifesto encane yokuqina, ubunikazi bamasiko, kanye nokuguqulwa komuntu siqu.
Lawa matshe ayigugu, nakuba ayenezimpande ezijulile esikhathini esidlule, ayehloselwe Izilaleli zanamuhla zifuna izingcezu ezinendaba.Zingahambisana nezingubo zansuku zonke kanye nemicimbi ekhethekile, zengeze ukuthinta kwamandla kanye nokufaneleka. Izimo ze-organic ezihlanganiswe nemigqa yejometri, kanye nomehluko phakathi kwegolide elifudumele kanye nomnyama ocwebezelayo, zihlukana nezitayela ezifanayo zobucwebe bezentengiselwano futhi ziveza isitayela esibukeka ngesibindi ezimpandeni zaso.
Ekugcineni, lo mugqa wemihlobiso yekhala nendlebe ephefumulelwe yizwe laseMexico usebenza njengebhuloho phakathi amasu okhokho kanye nomklamo wesimanjeIsindisa ulwazi, izithombe kanye nezinto ezingcwele ukuze iphakamise ubucwebe obungagcini nje ngokuhlobisa, kodwa futhi obumema umuntu ukuba azibuze ukuthi ungubani, akhumbule umlando futhi awugcine, ngokoqobo, esikhumbeni.
Izimbali zezimbali nezimpawu zezimbali eMexico: kusukela endulo kuya kuFrida Kahlo
Esinye isithako esinomlando omude kakhulu, esihlanganisa iGrisi, iRoma neMexico, yi- Umqhele wezimbaliNakuba kungase kubonakale sengathi kuyinto yothando futhi cishe engenacala, umlando wayo ugcwele izincazelo ezihlobene nesimo, ukuxhumana nomhlaba, kanye nokugubha imijikelezo yokuphila.
Emiphakathini yasendulo yezolimo, eyayiqaphela kakhulu izinkathi zonyaka kanye nokuvunda kwenhlabathi, imiqhele yezimbali yayisetshenziswa amasiko ahlobene nokuvuna, intwasahlobo kanye nonkulunkulu Bebekhonza kokubili emikhosini yenkolo kanye nokuphawula impumelelo noma amazinga okubusa emphakathini.
AmaGreki asendulo ayesebenzisa imiqhele yezimbali namagatsha—umnqumo, i-laurel, i-myrtle, i-oki—ukuhlonipha onkulunkulu bawo nokuvuza abanqobi emidlalweni nasezimpini. AmaRoma azuza lo mbono futhi athuthukisa ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kuye ngohlobo lokufaneleka noma isikhundla: umqhele we-laurel wokunqoba kwezempi, umqhele we-oki wezinkonzo ezikhethekile, kanye nomqhele wotshani njengokuqashelwa okuphezulu kakhulu enkundleni yempi.
Ngokufika kwezimboni, umqhele wezimbali waqala ukuhlotshaniswa kakhulu ne- ukukhumbula izinto ezidlule ekuphileni okulula emaphandleni. Imifanekiso efana noMarie Antoinette inegalelo kulesi sithombe ngokuthatha izithombe ngemihlobiso yezimbali zemvelo njengophawu lobuhle nokukhanya. Kamuva, ngekhulu lama-20, inhlangano yama-hippie yavuselela ukusetshenziswa kwezimbali ezinweleni njengesimemezelo esicacile sokuxhumana nemvelo kanye nokwenqaba ukuthengwa kwempahla okuningi.
Nokho, eMexico, umqhele wezimbali usube ngaphezu nje kwemfashini edlulayo: uyingxenye ye- ukucabanga okujulile kwamasikoOmunye wabantu abaphethe lokhu kuhlanganiswa nguFrida Kahlo. Ezithombeni zakhe, umehluko phakathi kwezigcawu zakhe ezingavuthiwe kanye nesigqoko sakhe sezimbali esiyingqayizivele wakhiqiza isithombe esinamandla, okwagcina kumenze waba uphawu lobunikazi baseMexico kanye nobufeministi.
Imiqhele enemibala ezungeze ubuso bukaFrida Kahlo ayigcini nje ngokugubha ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuceba kwezindawo zemvelo zaseMexicoBagubha nefa lendabuko kanye nokuziqhenya kwabesifazane baseMexico. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zesekeli ziye zahlanganiswa nemikhosi ebalulekile njengoSuku Lwabafileyo, lapho imiqhele nezimbali—ikakhulukazi ama-marigold—kuhlobisa khona amakhanda, ama-altare, kanye nemigwaqo.
Ngesikhathi samaholide nemikhosi kazwelonke, abesifazane abaningi baseMexico basebenzisa lokhu Izimbali zezimbali njengesibonakaliso sokuba ngumuntu ozimeleZingahlanganiswa nezingubo neziketi zabantu, nezingubo zendabuko noma ngisho nezingubo zesimanje, kodwa zihlala zigcina lowo mthwalo ongokomfanekiso obhekisela emlandweni, emvelweni kanye nokumelana namasiko.
Ubucwebe besiliva kanye nefa lama-Aztec eMexico
Isiliva lingenye yezintambo ezinkulu ezixhumanisa Ubuciko bama-Aztec obunobucwebe baseMexico besimanjeNakuba igolide lihlotshaniswa kakhulu nabantu abaphezulu bangaphambi kweSpanishi, isiliva laliyingxenye yendawo yonke engokomfanekiso ehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu, isibhakabhaka, kanye nemvelo.
Ama-Aztec ayengokoqobo ochwepheshe bokwenza igolideKubo, izinsimbi eziyigugu kwakungezona nje izinkomba zengcebo, kodwa kwakuyizindlela zokuveza umbono wabo wezwe. Ubucwebe babubonakalisa isikhundla emphakathini, ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu abathile, kanye nokuhlanganyela emikhosini ethile. Imigexo, izifuba zesifuba, amacici, amasongo, namasongo kwakuhlanganisa izingubo zamandla zangempela.
Namuhla, ubuciko besiliva baseMexico buvuselela lelo lifa ngokusebenzisa imiklamo ephefumulelwe yi-motifs yama-AztecAmaphethini ayisihluthulelo aseGrisi, izimpawu zelanga, izithombe zenyoka ezinezimpaphe, izifihla-buso, nezinye izinto zesithonjana ziyavezwa. Izingcezu eziningi zisakhiwa ngezandla, kusetshenziswa amasu adluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, okwenza indandatho ngayinye, isongo, noma isongo kube umsebenzi omncane wobuciko.
Uma unikeza noma uthenga itshe lesiliva eliphefumulelwe yizwe lama-Aztec, awuthengi nje kuphela isesekeli esihle, uthola ingxenye yomlando. ingxenye yomlando kanye nenkumbulo ehlangeneNgaphezu kwalokho, njengoba le mikhiqizo yenziwa ngabadwebi bendawo, kukhona ingxenye yokusekela ngqo umnotho womphakathi kanye nokulondolozwa kolwazi lwabokhokho lapho kubhekene nokuhlanganiswa kwemfashini yomhlaba wonke.
Izitolo eziningi ezikhethekile zinikeza amaqoqo lapho ucezu ngalunye lwenzelwe ukugqamisa lo mlingiswa oyingqayizivele: kusukela emasongweni anezimpawu zekhalenda kuya kuma-pendant adala kabusha onkulunkulu nezilwane ezingcwele. Umphumela uba uhlobo lobucwebe oludlula ukunethezeka futhi olusekelwe ku- ubuqiniso kanye nokuziqhenya ngamasiko.
Lonke lolu hambo oludlula emiqheleni yamaGreki, imihlobiso yekhala yaseMexico, imiqhele yezimbali yaseMexico, kanye nobucwebe besiliva bama-Aztec kwenza kucace ukuthi izesekeli zasendulo ezivela eGrisi naseMexico Akuzona nje izinto zokuhlobisa. Ziyizingcezu ezibonakalayo zezindaba ezijulile eziqhubeka nokubhalwa kabusha namuhla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuseshabhu labakhandi begolide, endaweni yokugibela inqola, emphakathini wabomdabu, noma ehholo lemyuziyamu lapho, kancane kancane, kuphakanyiswa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi lezi zingcezu zingezabobani ngempela nokuthi yiziphi izindaba esifuna zilandiswe.