Izikhumbuzo ezi-5 ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGibhithe Basohlwini lwanoma yimuphi umhambi onentshisekelo yesiko lomhlaba wonke.
I-Egypt Kusavusa ilukuluku elikhulu namuhla, njengoba ingcebo yalo ilandisa ngesinye isikhathi esikude futhi esicishe sibe imilingo emlandweni wesintu. Kodwa yiziphi lezo zikhumbuzo zaseGibhithe ongeke uzigeje?
Amaphiramidi aseGiza
Yebo uhlu lwethu kumele luqale ngalesi simangaliso sezakhiwo: amaPiramidi aseGiza, angezinye ze Izimanga Eziyisikhombisa Zezwe Lasendulo.
La Iphiramidi enkulu Iyona endala futhi enkulu kunazo zonke kwabathathu, futhi yinto yokuqala noma yimuphi umhambi oyaziyo ngokushesha nje lapho efika ezweni. Yaziwa nangokuthi i- Iphiramidi ye-Cheops futhi uma sinamathela emivubukulweni, yayalwa ukuba yakhiwe uFaro wegama elifanayo phakathi nobukhosi besine baseGibhithe Lasendulo.
Okungukuthi, mayelana Iminyaka ye-2.600. Futhi Kwakuyisakhiwo eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni esakhiwa umuntu iminyaka engaba ngu-3.800.. Inobude obungamamitha angu-146.5 ukusuka phansi kuya endaweni ephakeme kakhulu futhi ngaphansi komhlaba kunamamitha angu-10 ngaphezulu agqitshiwe.
Ingaphakathi lakho inamakhamera amathathu, namuhla ebizwa ngokuthi "igumbi lenkosi" kanye "nekamelo lendlovukazi", futhi ngaphansi kwesitezi kukhona elinye igumbi. Indawo eyehlayo ivumela ukufinyelela kuzo, namuhla ivinjiwe, futhi kukhona nezinye izindlela ezifinyelela ekamelweni elingaphansi komhlaba futhi elaziwa ngokuthi i-Great Gallery, iphasishi elingamamitha angu-47 ubude namamitha angu-8 ukuphakama, elinezindonga eziqondile.
Igumbi lenkosi alinawo umhlobiso, libushelelezi, futhi kukhona into efana ne-granite sarcophagus, engenalutho futhi engenalo uhlobo lomdwebo, okumele ngabe ibekwe ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa ngoba ayidluli kunoma iyiphi indlela. Ikamelo lendlovukazi alinayo ngisho "i-sarcophagus", i-rectangular futhi inophahla lwe-gable.
Iphiramidi nayo inamashaneli, agcina eqanjwe ngokuthi "amashaneli okungenisa umoya", nakuba kungaziwa ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi owawusebenza ekuqaleni. Yiqiniso, yilokhu okushiwo yi-archeology, kodwa sesivele sazi ukuthi kwabaningi ukwakhiwa kwayo, ukuthi yakhiwa kanjani futhi uma ngempela kuneminyaka engu-2500 kuphela ubudala kuseyimfihlakalo.
Ngaphezu kwePiramidi Enkulu, i-trio iqedwa nge Iphiramidi yaseKhafre futhi i Iphiramidi ye-Mycerinus.
I-sphinx
Esinye isimangaliso esingaqondakali ohlwini lwethu Izikhumbuzo ezi-5 ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGibhithe. I-sphinx Icishe ibe ngamamitha angama-20 ukuphakama futhi icishe ibe ngamamitha angama-70 ubude. Ikhona cikhanda lomuntu nomzimba webhubesi futhi leyo nhlanganisela imele inyunyana yamandla nobuhlakani.
Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngaye futhi yingakho engaqondakali kakhulu: Yakhiwa ngubani enguqulweni yayo yokuqala? Imivubukulo yesimanje ithi yakhiwa unyaka wonke 2500 BC njengengxenye ye-Khafre funerary complex. Yakhiwe nge-limestone futhi inethempeli khona kanye phambi kwayo nenye esenyakatho, eduze kwayo.
Ikhala lakhe alikho futhi nakuba isikhathi eside kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwakungamasosha kaNapoleon abudedengu ayidubula, kakade sekuyaziwa, kusukela emidwebeni yangaphambili kakhulu, ukuthi i-sphinx kwase kuyisikhathi eside iswele ikhala ngesikhathi uNapoleon namabutho akhe bedlula eGibhithe.
Ucwaningo lwembula nokuthi ngesinye isikhathi kwanezelwa intshebe, izinsalela ziseBritish Museum, kanye nomqhele. Iqiniso liwukuthi itshe lesikhumbuzo wangcwatshwa esihlabathini isikhathi eside futhi sonke isihlabathi sasuswa ngokuphelele ngo-1926.
Into ethokozisayo nge-Esginge umbono omusha ovela ku- isayensi yemivubukulo ye-geo: ukuguguleka kwetshe lesikhumbuzo kungase kube ngenxa yamanzi hhayi isihlabathi nomoya, futhi uma kunjalo I-sphinx ingaba yindala kakhulu, cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15, noma phakathi kwezinkulungwane ezi-5 neziyi-7.
Ungahlangana naye nsuku zonke phakathi kuka-7am no-7pm. Intengo ingu-540 LE ngomuntu omdala.
Amathempeli aseLuxor
Yisakhiwo sethempeli esisedolobheni lase laseKarnak, idolobha lasendulo elinezivikelo eziqinile elisosebeni olusempumalanga loMfula iNayile, enyakatho yeLuxor. Namuhla iyingxenye ye-Ancient Thebes complex futhi i Indawo Yamagugu Omhlaba kusukela ngo-1979.
Kunamathempeli amaningi ngaphakathi, ithempeli elinikezelwe ku-Opet, elinye e-Ptah, elinye ithempeli elinikezelwe kuJonsu, futhi kukhona namagceke amahle ase-Montu nase-Mut. Kodwa, ngaphandle kokungabaza, esinye sezahluko ezithakazelisa kakhulu emlandweni waseGibhithe yileso esidlala inkanyezi UFaro Akhenaten, umfana owaphendukela enkolweni ecishe ikholelwe kuNkulunkulu oyedwa ngoba Wayekhonza u-Aton ngaphezu kwabo bonke onkulunkulu baseGibhithe.
Ngakho, igama lishintshiwe kusukela e-Amenhotep noma ku-Amenophis IV kuya e-Akhenaten, ehlonipha u-Aton, unkulunkulu we-solar disk, futhi kusukela lapho akazange angabaze isikhashana ukwakha nokuguqula amathempeli. Futhi nansi omunye wemisebenzi yakhe emihle kakhulu: Ithempeli lase-Aten. Leli thempeli alinalo uphahla, ngakho ilanga lingangena ngokukhululeka okuphelele futhi liwubuhle.
Ithempeli likaHatshepsut
Ohlwini lwethu lwe Izikhumbuzo ezi-5 ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGibhithe kuyithuba lika Ithempeli lezidumbu laseHatshepsut, eyakhiwe phambi kweLuxor.
Namuhla lakhiwe kabusha ngokwengxenye ukuze sithole umbono omuhle wokuthi leli thempeli elalinikezelwe kufaro uHatshepsut woBukhosi be-1473 lalibukeka kanjani ekuqaleni. Inkosi yaphila, cishe, phakathi kuka-1458 no-XNUMX BC
Ithempeli liphumula ngqo ngaphesheya kweNayile ukusuka eKarnak kanye Isakhiwo sawo esiyinhloko sinikezelwe kunkulunkulu u-Amun. Inamazinga amathathu, ngalinye linekholonade kuze kube sekugcineni. Phezulu kunegceke elivulekile futhi liqukethe izithombe zoMbusi no-Osiris, uNkulunkulu Wokufa.
Yithempeli lezidumbu futhi emva kokushona kwendlovukazi laqhubeka nokusebenza kakhulu. Yanikezelwa endlovukazini, kodwa nakuyise, uTustmosis I, ku-Osiris, kunkulunkulukazi uHathor nakunkulunkulu u-Anubis noRa, unkulunkulu welanga.
Inezithombe ezimibalabala ezindongeni zayo ezibonisa izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule, ezibalulekile emlandweni waleyo nkathi yaseGibhithe Lasendulo, okuthakazelisayo ukwandisa ulwazi lwaleyo mpucuko.
Ithempeli likaRamses III
Leli thempeli lasendulo KuseMedient Habu, entshonalanga yeLuxor, futhi iyisikhumbuzo sethu sokugcina ohlwini lwe Izikhumbuzo ezi-5 ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGibhithe.
Ithempeli likhulu futhi Inamamitha-skwele angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisi-7 zezindonga ezinama-reliefs amahle. Inqaba iyizungezile futhi ngaphakathi kunama-chapel ahlukene anikezelwe kunkosikazi ka-Amun, amakhosazana nezindlovukazi.
Ithempeli lambiwa okokuqala ngqa maphakathi nekhulu le-19, lisula kumephu zonke izakhiwo zesiCoptic ezazingqubuzana nezangempela. Ingenye yamathempeli aseGibhithe abahambi abathanda kakhulu futhi adume kakhulu kokubili kwabezindaba kanye nenani lezivakashi.