Izikhumbuzo ezi-5 ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGibhithe zisohlwini lwanoma yimuphi umhambi onentshisekelo kumasiko omhlaba wonke.
IGibhithe lisavusa ilukuluku elikhulu nanamuhla, njengoba ingcebo yalo ifakazela isikhathi esikude nesicishe sibe yimilingo emlandweni wesintu. Kodwa yiziphi izikhumbuzo zaseGibhithe okumelwe uzibone ngempela?
Amaphiramidi aseGiza
Vele, uhlu lwethu kumele luqale ngalesi simangaliso sezakhiwo: amaPiramidi aseGiza, angenye yezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zezwe lasendulo.
Iphiramidi Elikhulu liyindala futhi likhulu kunawo wonke kulawo amathathu, futhi liyinto yokuqala noma yimuphi umhambi ayibonayo lapho efika kuleli lizwe. Laziwa nangokuthi iPhiramidi laseKhufu , futhi ngokusho kwemivubukulo, laqalwa nguFaro onegama elifanayo ngesikhathi soBukhosi Besine baseGibhithe Lasendulo.
Okusho ukuthi, iminyaka engaba ngu-2.600. Futhi , iminyaka engaba ngu-3.800, yayiyisakhiwo eside kunazo zonke esenziwe ngumuntu emhlabeni . Simi ngamamitha angu-146.5 ukuphakama ukusuka phansi kuya endaweni yaso ephakeme kakhulu, kanti amanye amamitha ayi-10 angcwatshwe ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ingaphakathi layo linamakamelo amathathu , manje abizwa ngokuthi "iKhamu LeNkosi" kanye "neKhamu LeNdlovukazi," futhi kukhona elinye igumbi ngaphansi komhlaba. Indlela eyehlayo inikeza ukufinyelela kuwo; okwamanje ivaliwe. Kukhona nezinye izindlela eziholela ekamelweni elingaphansi komhlaba elaziwa ngokuthi iGrand Gallery, indlela engamamitha angu-47 ubude kanye namamitha angu-8 ukuphakama, enezindonga eziqondile.
Igumbi lenkosi alinawo umhlobiso, libushelelezi, futhi kukhona into efana ne-granite sarcophagus, engenalutho futhi engenalo uhlobo lomdwebo, okumele ngabe ibekwe ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa ngoba ayidluli kunoma iyiphi indlela. Ikamelo lendlovukazi alinayo ngisho "i-sarcophagus", i-rectangular futhi inophahla lwe-gable.
Iphiramidi nayo inamashaneli, agcina eqanjwe ngokuthi "amashaneli okungenisa umoya", nakuba kungaziwa ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi owawusebenza ekuqaleni. Yiqiniso, yilokhu okushiwo yi-archeology, kodwa sesivele sazi ukuthi kwabaningi ukwakhiwa kwayo, ukuthi yakhiwa kanjani futhi uma ngempela kuneminyaka engu-2500 kuphela ubudala kuseyimfihlakalo.
Ngaphezu kweGreat Pyramid, i-trio iqedwa yiPyramid of Khafre kanye nePyramid of Menkaure.
I-sphinx
Esinye isimangaliso esiyimfihlakalo ohlwini lwethu lwezikhumbuzo ezi-5 ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGibhithe. I-Sphinx icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-20 ubude futhi cishe ingamamitha angu-70 ubude . Inekhanda lomuntu nomzimba wengonyama , futhi lokhu kuhlanganiswa kumelela ukuhlangana kwamandla nobuhlakani.
Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngayo, yingakho iyimfihlakalo kangaka: Yakhiwa nini? Ngubani? Yayibukeka kanjani ngesimo sayo sokuqala? Izinto zakudala zanamuhla zisikisela ukuthi yakhiwa cishe ngo- 2500 BC njengengxenye yesakhiwo sikaKhafre somngcwabo. Yenziwe ngetshe le-limestone futhi inethempeli eliphambi kwayo kanye nelinye elisenyakatho, eceleni kwayo.
Ikhala layo alikho , futhi nakuba kwase kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakungamasosha kaNapoleon angenandaba ayeyidubula, manje sekuyaziwa, kusukela emidwebweni yangaphambilini, ukuthi i-sphinx yayisiphelelwe isikhathi eside ikhala ngesikhathi uNapoleon namabutho akhe bedlula eGibhithe.
Izifundo zembula nokuthi intshebe yanezelwa ngesinye isikhathi; izinsalela zale ntshebe ziseBritish Museum, kanye nomqhele. Iqiniso liwukuthi lesi sikhumbuzo sangcwatshwa esihlabathini isikhathi eside , futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1926 lapho sonke isihlabathi sasuswa khona ngokuphelele.
Okuthakazelisayo nge-Sphinx umqondo omusha ovela ku -geoarchaeology : ukuguguleka kwesikhumbuzo kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yamanzi hhayi isihlabathi nomoya, futhi uma kunjalo, i-Sphinx ngabe indala kakhulu, cishe ineminyaka engu-15 ubudala, noma phakathi kuka-5 no-7.
Ungahlangana naye nsuku zonke phakathi kuka-7am no-7pm. Intengo ingu-540 LE ngomuntu omdala.
Amathempeli aseLuxor
Leli yithempeli elisedolobheni laseKarnak , idolobha lasendulo elibiyelwe ngezivikelo elisogwini olusempumalanga yoMfula iNayile, enyakatho yeLuxor. Namuhla liyingxenye yesiza saseThebes sasendulo futhi libe yiNdawo Yefa Lomhlaba ye-UNESCO kusukela ngo-1979.
Kunamathempeli amaningi ngaphakathi: elinye linikezelwe ku-Opet, elinye ku-Ptah, elinye ku-Khonsu, kanye namathempeli amahle aseMontu naseMut. Kodwa ngaphandle kokungabaza, esinye sezahluko ezithakazelisayo kakhulu emlandweni waseGibhithe yilesi sikaFaro Akhenaten , indoda eyamukela inkolo ecishe ibe nokholo kuNkulunkulu oyedwa, ikhonza u-Aten ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye onkulunkulu baseGibhithe.
Ngakho-ke, washintsha igama lakhe kusuka ku-Amenhotep noma ku-Amenhotep IV laba ngu-Akhenaten, edumisa u-Aten, unkulunkulu welanga, futhi kusukela lapho akazange anqikaze ngisho nomzuzwana ukwakha nokulungisa amathempeli. Futhi lapha sithola omunye wemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu: iThempeli lase-Aten. Leli thempeli alinaphahla, livumela ilanga ukuthi lingene ngokukhululeka, futhi liyindawo enhle.
Ithempeli likaHatshepsut
Ohlwini lwethu lwezikhumbuzo ezi-5 ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGibhithe, kuyithuba leThempeli laseHatshepsut, elakhiwe phambi kweLuxor.
Namuhla lakhiwe kabusha ngokwengxenye ukuze sithole umbono omuhle wokuthi leli thempeli elalinikezelwe kufaro uHatshepsut woBukhosi be-1473 lalibukeka kanjani ekuqaleni. Inkosi yaphila, cishe, phakathi kuka-1458 no-XNUMX BC
Ithempeli limi ngqo ngaphesheya koMfula iNayile ukusuka eKarnak, futhi isakhiwo salo esiyinhloko sinikezelwe kunkulunkulu u-Amun. Linezitezi ezintathu, ngasinye sinophahla olufinyelela phezulu. Izinga eliphezulu linegceke elivulekile futhi liqukethe izithombe zendlovukazi no-Osiris, unkulunkulu wokufa.
Yithempeli lezidumbu futhi emva kokushona kwendlovukazi laqhubeka nokusebenza kakhulu. Yanikezelwa endlovukazini, kodwa nakuyise, uTustmosis I, ku-Osiris, kunkulunkulukazi uHathor nakunkulunkulu u-Anubis noRa, unkulunkulu welanga.
Inezithombe ezimibalabala ezindongeni zayo ezibonisa izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule, ezibalulekile emlandweni waleyo nkathi yaseGibhithe Lasendulo, okuthakazelisayo ukwandisa ulwazi lwaleyo mpucuko.
Ithempeli likaRamses III
Leli thempeli lasendulo liseMedient Habu, entshonalanga yeLuxor , futhi liyisikhumbuzo sethu sokugcina ohlwini lwezikhumbuzo ezi-5 ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseGibhithe.
Ithempeli likhulu kakhulu, linezindonga ezingaphezu kuka-7 square metres ezihlotshiswe ngemidwebo emihle . Lizungezwe yinqaba, futhi ngaphakathi kunezindlu zamasonto ezahlukahlukene ezinikezelwe kumka-Amun, amakhosazana, nezindlovukazi.
Ithempeli lambiwa okokuqala ngqa maphakathi nekhulu le-19, lisula kumephu zonke izakhiwo zesiCoptic ezazingqubuzana nezangempela. Ingenye yamathempeli aseGibhithe abahambi abathanda kakhulu futhi adume kakhulu kokubili kwabezindaba kanye nenani lezivakashi.